It Is Acceptable to Include Sources That You Did Not Read in Your References.

Referencing and fugitive plagiarism

Many universities use Cite Them Right past Richard Pears and Graham Shields as their referencing standard. This like shooting fish in a barrel-to-utilise volume will enable yous to reference merely near anything from a tweet to an online journal, a television show, or even a tattoo. Cite Them Right is as well available every bit an online resources, Cite Them Right Online which your university may subscribe to. Ask in the library to find out if you have access!

What is referencing?

Referencing is the procedure of acknowledging the sources y'all take used in writing your essay, assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents every bit quickly and hands as possible in society to verify, if necessary, the validity of your arguments and the prove on which they are based.

Citations

Y'all identify sources by citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text citations) and referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference listing or end-text citations). The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the same matter equally a bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also includes all fabric (for example, background readings) used in the preparation of your piece of work.

Referencing successfully

To reference successfully, it is essential that, as a matter of form, y'all systematically note down full details of writer, date, title and publication details of whatever material you lot use at the time you utilize it. For web pages, due east-journals and ebooks, write down the access url and the appointment that you accessed the source. Besides being practiced academic exercise, this ensures that you practice not have the problem of trying to find sources y'all may have used weeks or months previously.

What'due south the benefit of accurate referencing?

By referring to the works of established regime and experts in your discipline surface area, you lot can add weight to your comments and arguments. This helps to demonstrate that you accept read widely, and considered and analysed the writings of others. Remember, practiced referencing can help y'all attain a better class or mark (often between five and ten percent of the total). Most importantly, good referencing is essential to avoid any possible allegation of plagiarism.

What is plagiarism?

The post-obit are considered forms of plagiarism:

Passing off as your own a slice of work that is partly or wholly the work of another educatee.
Citing and referencing sources that you take not used.
Quoting, summarising or paraphrasing material in your assignment without citing the original source.
'Recycling' a piece of your ain work that you have previously submitted for another module or course (i.e. self-plagiarism).

How tin you avoid plagiarism?

In many cases, students who notice themselves defendant of plagiarising ofttimes take done then unintentionally. Poor system and time management, as well every bit a failure to understand good academic practice, are oftentimes to blame. You lot might therefore find it helpful to:

Manage your time and programme your work – ensure that you lot take enough time to prepare, read and write.
When paraphrasing an author's text, ensure that you use your ain words and a sentence structure sufficiently unlike from the original text.
In your notes, highlight in color/assuming any direct quotations y'all want to use in your assignment - this will assistance to ensure you use quotation marks with an appropriate reference when you are writing up your work.
Allow enough time to check your concluding draft for possible referencing errors or omissions: for case, check that all your in-text citations have a corresponding entry in your reference list, and vice versa.
Save all your notes and files until you receive your final mark or grade.

What is common noesis?

In all bookish or professional fields, experts regard some ideas every bit common noesis. This is by and large defined as facts, dates, events and information that are expected to be known by someone studying or working in a item field. The facts can be found in numerous places and are likely to be known past many people: for example, that Margaret Thatcher was a British prime minister. Such information does not mostly have to be referenced.

However, as a student y'all may only have just started to study a particular field of study, so the cloth you are reading may non yet exist mutual noesis to you lot. In order to decide if the material you want to use in your assignment constitutes common cognition, you demand to ask yourself the following questions:

Did I know this information before I started my grade?
Did this information/thought come up from my ain encephalon?
If the answer to either or both of the questions is 'no', then the information is non common knowledge to yous.
In these cases you need to cite and reference your source(s).

This content was written past Richard Pears and Graham Shields, authors of Cite Them Right.

Cite Them Right

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The six-point code

To make information technology easier for you to decide exactly when you need to cite, use the following simple vi-point lawmaking. This is some other of those notes worth sticking to the side of your computer screen or pinning to the notice board higher up your desk. Wherever you lot go along it, make sure information technology's just a glance abroad.

When to cite:

Distinctive ideas
Whenever the ideas or opinions are distinctive to one particular source.
Distinctive construction or organising strategy
Even though you may take put it into your ain words, if the writer has adopted a item method of approaching a problem, or there is a distinctive intellectual structure to what'south written, for example to an argument or to the assay of a concept, then you must cite the source.
Information or information from a particular source
If y'all've gathered information from a source in the class of facts, statistics, tables and diagrams, you lot will need to cite the source, so your readers will know who gathered the data and where to find it.
Verbatim phrase or passage
Even a single word, if information technology is distinctive to your author's argument. You must utilise quotation marks and cite the source.
If it'due south not common knowledge
Whenever you lot mention some attribute of another person'due south work, unless the information or opinion is widely known, y'all must cite the source, so your readers can follow it upwardly.
Whenever in dubiety, cite information technology!
It will do no harm, as long as you're not citing simply to impress the examiner in the mistaken belief that getting good grades depends upon trading facts, in this case references, for marks.

This content was written by Bryan Greetham, author of How to Write Better Essays, How to Write Your Undergraduate Dissertation and How to Write Your Literature Review.

How to cite a reference

You at present know when to cite a reference, but you also need to know how to cite the reference correctly. Different subjects will cite references using different systems, merely in that location are two main methods:

The Harvard System

For case:

Watts (1999) offers suggestions well-nigh how to prepare for university.
It has been found by Holmes and Watkins (2000), that criminals are …
This module is no longer offered (Smith, 2004).
If you utilize the Harvard system in the main trunk of your piece of work, you will be expected to cite your references in full in your bibliography.

Footnotes/endnotes

Footnotes are flagged in the chief body of the text by a number and then the reference written in full at the bottom of the corresponding page. For example:

'….and so it was thought that, "A new feeling came into being, a sense that people had become separated from nature."' i

If the quote is from a volume, the commendation should follow:

Author surname,initial(s)/ Title of book/ (Publisher/ Place of publication)/ Page number

Peck J and Coyle M, Literary Terms and Criticism, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p.lxx

If it were a journal commodity, you would cite:

Author surname, initial(due south)/ 'Title of article' in Journal championship/ Volume number (Outcome number)/ (Year)/Page number

Peck J and Coyle Grand, "Romantic poetry" in Literary Terms and Criticism, iv (ane) (2002), p.70

Endnotes should be referenced in exactly the same manner except they are found all together at the end of a affiliate or at the cease of the book.

For electronic sources, requite the web page address and the date you lot downloaded the data. You should also cite the name of the reference and the original source if you have this information.

This content was written by Richard Pears and Graham Shields, authors of Cite Them Right

APA Commendation Mode

Y'all may besides come across the APA manner, which is frequently used in the social sciences. Similar Harvard manner, APA mode uses the author-appointment arrangement for in-text citations. In the in-text citations, you should cite the last names of all the authors and the publication yr:

Johnson suggests that more inquiry is needed to … (2014).

According to recent research, the climatic change … (Becker, 2018).

Recent evidence suggests that … (Thomas, Dumoulin, & Reynolds, 2017).

In the reference list, which follows the main text, yous should cite your sources in full. This is a bit more complicated than the in-text citations, equally the format depends on the source type. Below, we've given the format for and an case of the three well-nigh mutual source types:

Book:

Format: AuthorLastName, FirstInitial. (Year). TitleBook (edition). Urban center, Country/Country: NamePublisher.

In reference listing: Porter, M.Eastward. (1998). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and
Competitors (1th ed.). New York, NY: Free Printing.

Journal article:

Format: AuthorLastName, FirstInitial., & Author LastName, FirstInitial. (Year). TitleArticle. TitleJournal,
Book(Issue), Page Number(s). https://doi.org/DoiNumber

In reference list: Andreff, Westward., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of professional
sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 257-276.
https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304

Website:

Format: AuthorLastName, FirstInitial. (Twelvemonth, Month Mean solar day). TitleArticle [Blazon]. Retrieved from
http://WebAddress

In reference list: Worland, J. (2015, July 27). U.S. flood risk could exist worse than we thought.
Retrieved from http://fourth dimension.com/3973256/flooding-risk-coastal-cities/

Fully understanding APA's rules for citing sources in the reference list can be challenging. Withal, at that place are some great tools that can help you lot with this.

Yous can use an APA commendation generator, which will ask you lot to select your source blazon and make full in the required fields. This tool will generate both the in-text and reference list citations for you lot.

Another corking fashion to ensure you have the right citation for your reference listing is to use Google Scholar. Just search for your source and click the quote icon to copy the citation using your citation style.

Remedies

One time you are clear nigh this, all you are left with is how to eradicate from your piece of work the adventitious cases of plagiarism, focussing on organisation and processing.

1. Organisation

Most of these are due to poor system. Many of us leave ourselves inadequate time to become our work done, so we blitz enquiry and note taking and in the process alloy the ideas of our authors into our own, not knowing which are which. Inevitably when we come up to write we pass them all off as our own. In that location are, therefore, elementary things you lot tin can do to avoid this.

Time
This is obvious: leave enough fourth dimension so y'all don't rush your work. Make sure you accept broken the task upwardly into distinct stages (interpreting the essay question, research, planning, writing, and revision) and you have given enough time for each with time between them for your mind to process the ideas effectively. To make absolutely sure give yourself 25% more time that you think you demand. Equally you lot complete each assignment you lot will be able to approximate for yourself whether this is also much or too little. (Run into Chapters xix and 20 in How to Write Improve Essays).

Tape the details
Put the details of the text you're using clearly at the top of the kickoff page of your notes: the author'south name, the title of the text, page numbers, and the appointment of publication. Not only will this save you a great deal of fourth dimension and stress in trying to track down a reference long subsequently you have used it, but information technology volition be an obvious reminder that the ideas yous're noting are someone else's and may demand citing.

Separate your ain ideas from your writer's
This can be done quite merely. For example, you could just put the fabric you infringe from your sources in a different colour, or on different sheets of newspaper, or different documents.

2. Processing

But arrangement is but one office of the remedy. Once y'all've organised your piece of work you're still left with bug that ascend from the fashion you do your research.

Active processing
The elementary reply here is to avert all passive, surface-level processing in which you merely read for understanding, note accurately what the author says, and and then reproduce information technology give-and-take for give-and-take in your work. If yous tin avoid studying when you're tired and break up your written report sessions into manageable blocks of no more than than 2 hours, and then yous are likely to avoid lapsing into passive, uncritical processing of the textile.
Instead process the material actively. In other words, construction what you read past analysing it into primal points and sub-points, and criticise and evaluate information technology, rather than merely passively accept what you read. In this fashion you will free yourself from being dictated by the author every bit to what is most important in what yous read. Y'all yourself will decide what should be noted and this will be dictated by the questions you, not the writer, have already decided are most important.

Equally a result you lot will probably infringe less, because you can see it is not every bit important as y'all might otherwise have idea, and y'all volition integrate it within your own thinking, so that yous impose your own distinctive organisation and structure on it. (See Chapter thirteen of How to Write Better Essays).

Interpret the question
However, to do this effectively you must have clear in your heed the key bug you want to explore in the text and the questions to which yous want answers. This means you must in the first stage of essay writing have analysed the implications of the essay question you lot are tackling. This manner y'all reveal non but the questions you desire the text to answer, but besides what you yourself already know about the issues. Armed with this you're less probable to be dictated to past your authors and prefer their ideas wholesale. (See Chapters three to 8 in How to Write Ameliorate Essays).

Break the text up into manageable units
Nonetheless, it'south all too like shooting fish in a barrel to say don't exist dictated to past the authors you read, just when y'all go down to it each author writes in a fashion best calculated to present the virtually persuasive business relationship. He or she wants to convince you that their point of view is right, and every bit you are less experienced in the topic your ideas are bound to be heavily influenced by what you read.
All of this you will know to exist truthful from your own experience. So, practise a elementary thing to give you every chance of liberating yourself from enthralment to your author. Break downward a chapter you're reading into manageable units, which y'all can read, understand and then put aside so that you lot can take your notes without using the book. If the unit is of a manageable size y'all should be able to recall the key ideas and create the structure of the passage in your own terms. Don't worry near details – y'all tin always come back for them later on. Exist guided by your interpretation of the implications of the question and your own judgement, non the author's, as to what is nearly important. You lot must allow your ideas to come through; you lot're not just a sophisticated recycler of received opinions.

This highlights the problem from which many of our difficulties arise: how are we to let ourselves and our own ideas into the picture? Never read and have notes at the aforementioned time. You will fail to create sufficient altitude between your ideas and the author'due south, and you will find yourself simply reproducing them verbatim. (See Capacity 14 and 15 of How to Write Better Essays).

Confidence
There is, of class, 1 element running throughout this communication: the importance of having the conviction to trust in your own ideas and your own abilities to express and develop arguments besides every bit anyone. Beware of bold that there are just right answers, which the author has presented correctly. As soon as you convince yourself of this, there is nothing more you can do but copy them accurately. (Meet Chapters nine, 10 and 11 of How to Write Improve Essays).

The content has been written past Bryan Greetham, author of How to Write Better Essays.

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